Depression 07 Oct, 2018 Read Time: 2 mins

Functional recovery in depression: are we doing the right thing for the treatment of depression?

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by many different mood, physical and cognitive symptoms. The cognitive symptoms, in particular, impair psychosocial and workplace functioning. To achieve both a symptomatic and functional recovery, experts from Australia, Belgium, China and the USA advocated shared decision-making and individualized goal setting to a large symposium audience at ECNP 2018. Shared decision-making enables individualization of treatment goals and symptoms to address functional impairments specific for each patient. The outcomes that are important to the patient then need to be measured using a new scale adapted and used for the first time in depression, which incorporates all symptom domains and functional performance.

Cognitive recovery is important for functional recovery

Functional recovery from MDD facilitates psychosocial and workplace functioning, explained Yanling He, Professor of Psychiatry, Shanghai, China. Treatment strategies therefore need to address cognitive symptoms to improve symptoms associated with functioning in daily life.

Professor He highlighted a study showing that 52% of 164 patients with MDD reported that cognitive difficulty severely interfered with their occupational functioning.1 Cognitive deficits in executive function, memory and attention persist even when depression is treated,2 she added.

Nearly 70% of patients with MDD have severe functional impairment

Professor He also presented a study of 1051 full-time employed people with MDD, which demonstrated a significant association between increasing severity of depression symptoms and worsening perceived cognitive functioning based on PDQ scores (p<0.0001).3

In addition, subjective measures of cognitive symptoms have been shown to explain workplace performance variability more than severity of MDD, she said.4

Functional impairment remains despite treatment

At diagnosis, nearly 70% of patients with MDD have severe functional impairment,5 said Bernhard Baune, Professor of Psychiatry, Melbourne, Australia; and after treatment many patients continue to experience functional impairment at work6 and in their social life.7 Improving functional outcomes is therefore a treatment priority.

Many patients continue to experience functional impairment despite treatment

The negative impact of acute MDD on psychosocial functional outcome is mediated by executive and spatial cognitive functions,8 Professor Baune added. In the Adelaide, Cognitive Function and Mood Study, executive functions were the strongest independent predictors of psychosocial outcomes in remitted patients.9

Physicians often overlook the importance of cognitive symptoms

The expectations of HCPs often do not match patients’ expectations of treatment for depression. Professor Baune described an online survey of 650 psychiatrists, 366 primary care practitioners, 30 neurologists, and 2008 patients with MDD from Brazil, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, USA, France, Italy and Spain.

Physicians and patients do not have the same expectations from treatment

The survey revealed that when compared with responses from patients, physicians gave a lower rating to the importance of treating physical and cognitive symptoms, and the largest difference was for cognitive symptoms during the acute phase of MDD.10

Are we asking patients with depression the right questions?

Most psychiatrists do not measure outcome when treating patients with depression, said Koen Demyttenaere, Professor of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Belgium. When we do measure outcome, are we measuring what is important to patients? For example, in a study described by Professor Baune, 55% of 274 patients who scored ≤7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) — which has not been designed to measure cognitive symptoms — did not consider that they were in remission.11

Which scales should we use? And should they be subjective or objective?

Professor Demyttenaere discussed the need to measure outcome using scales that evaluate cognitive function, including:

  • the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire 20 items or 5 items (PDQ-20 or PDQ-5), which is a subjective questionnaire completed by the patient
  • the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)
  • THINC-it

Both the DSST and THINC-it provide an objective assessment of all four domains of cognitive function — executive function, psychomotor speed, attention and memory.

If we don’t ask the right questions, what can we do better, and how can we achieve a functional recovery?

Recovery from MDD should include both symptomatic and functional recovery and involve shared decision-making, said Professor Baune. The goals of treatment depend on:

  • the phase of illness — all three symptom domains (mood, physical and cognitive) across all phases (acute, post-acute and remission) need to be addressed
  • the individual patient’s needs

Mark Opler, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, New York, USA, agreed and advocated for a shared decision-making approach that:

  • recognizes the heterogeneity of MDD and patients with MDD
  • enables individualization of treatment goals via involving patients in decisions

Shared decision-making, goal setting, and measuring outcomes facilitate functional recovery

Professor Opler described a goal attainment approach, and explained the adaptation of this approach for depression with great success, for tracking progress as patients work to attain specific goals identified as part of a treatment plan. The goals for different domains of MDD — psychological, motivation, emotional, physical and cognition — are generated through a collaborative discussion of the patient’s experience of MDD and related symptoms and the impact of these experiences on their life.

It is then important to measure the outcomes that are important to patients using appropriate scales that incorporate all symptom domains and functional performance.

Educational financial support for this symposium was provided by H. Lundbeck A/S

Takeda Pharmaceuticals and H. Lundbeck A/S co-sponsored, designed the Goal Attainment Study and adapted the Goal Attainment Scale for Depression. This study evaluated a novel approach, using GAS in clinical research adapted for depression for the first time, to measure outcomes that matter to the patients. If you want to learn more click on the link to watch Professor Mark Opler presenting Goal Attainment adapted for Depression.

References

  1. Lam RW et al. Depress Res Treat 2012;2012:630206.
  2. Rock PL et al. Psychol Med 2014;44:2029–40.
  3. Lawrence C et al. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2013;15:PCC.12m01469.
  4. McIntyre RS et al. Compr Psychiatry 2015;56:279–82.
  5. Fried EI, Nesse RM. PLoS One 2014;9:e90311.
  6. Lerner D, Henke RM. J Occup Environ Med 2008;50:401–10.
  7. Jaeger J et al. Psychiatry Res 2006;145:39–48.
  8. Knight MJ, Baune BT, 2018, in press.
  9. Knight MJ, Baune BT, J Affect Disord, 2018.
  10. Baune BT Presented at ECNP 2018 Poster P018.
  11. Zimmerman M, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):790–95.